Aa, a as in "last" |
Bb, b as in "be" |
Cc, ts as in "wits" |
Ĉĉ, ch as in "church" |
Dd, d as in "do" |
Ee, a as in "make" |
Ff, f as in "fly" |
Gg, g as in "gun" |
Ĝĝ, j as in "join" |
Hh, h as in "half" |
Ĥĥ, strongly aspirated h, "ch" in "loch" (scotch) |
Ii, i as in "marine" |
Jj, y as in "yoke" |
Ĵĵ, z as in "azure" |
Kk, k as in "key" |
Ll, l as in "line" |
Mm, m as in "make" |
Nn, n as in "now" |
Oo, o as in "not" |
Pp, p as in "pair" |
Rr, r as in "rare" |
Ss, s as in "see" |
Ŝŝ, sh as in "show" |
Tt, t as in "tea" |
Uu, u as in "bull" |
Ŭŭ, u as in "mount" (used in diphtongs) |
Vv, v as in "very" |
Zz, z as in "zeal" |
Remark. ― If it be found impraticable to print works with the diacritical signs (^,˘), the letter h may be substituted for the sign (^), and the sign (˘), may be altogether omitted.
All forms of the passive are rendered by the respective forms of the verb est (to be) and the participle passive of the required verb; the preposition used is de, „by”. E. g. ŝi est'as am'at'a de ĉiu'j, „she is loved by every one”.